Extreme gardening to help tackle malaria

BBC, July 5, 2017

A team tested their idea in nine villages in the arid Bandiagara district of Mali, West Africa.
Removing flowers from a common shrub appeared to kill off lots of the older, adult, female, biting insects that transmit malaria.
Without enough nectar the "granny" mosquitoes starve, experts believe.

Killing granny

Getting rid of the mature females can stop the cycle of malaria transmission

These Anopheles mosquitoes carry the malaria parasite in their salivary glands and pass it on to people when they bite and draw blood.
The infected person can then infect other younger, biting, female mosquitoes - which are looking for a rich blood meal as they become fertile and make eggs - because their blood now contains the parasite.
It takes about 10 days for a newly infected young female mosquito to become contagious to humans. That may not sound long, but for an insect, it is.
By the time she can transmit malaria, she's pretty old.
Although she will feed on blood, she also relies on flower nectar for energy to stay alive.

Shrubbery

In the Bandiagara district of Mali, there is one invasive plant that researchers believe is a feeding ground for malaria-transmitting mosquitoes.
The flowering Prosopis juliflora shrub is a bit of a horticultural thug and now occupies millions of hectares of the African continent.
Native to Central and South America, it was introduced into Africa in the late 1970s in an attempt to reverse deforestation and "green up" the desert.
Experts in Mali, along with researchers from the Hebrew University of Hadassah Medical School, Israel, and the University of Miami in the US, set up a horticultural experiment to see if removing the flowers from this plant might help kill off local mosquitoes.
They picked nine villages - six with lots of the flowering shrub and three without.
In three of the six villages, they hacked down the flowers.
They set light traps around all the villages to catch mosquitoes so they could see if the "gardening" had helped cull the insects.
Villages where they removed the flowers saw mosquito numbers collected in the traps fall - the total number of mosquitoes across these villages decreased by nearly 60% after removal of the flowers.
Importantly, the number of old female mosquitoes dropped to similar levels recorded in the three villages without any of the shrubs.
They don't have direct proof, but the researchers believe the mosquitoes died of starvation.
The reported their findings in the journal Malaria Research.
Prof Jo Lines is a malaria control expert from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
He says the novel approach holds amazing potential, alongside other malaria prevention strategies.
"It appears to show that by changing the landscape, not using insecticides or drugs, we can make a difference."
But he said it might not work so well in lush tropical regions where nectar-rich plants are in abundance.